RDI有关录像片断解释的翻译
thankstoyilin 楼主
我最近看RDIconnect网站提供的录像,这些录像资料库反映了RDI训练的真实场景片断,也有部分正常孩子的录像,以此来阐明正常的交际能力发展是如何表现的。
录像片断不是很清楚,我根据解释文字进行了说明整理,大家可以参考。
现在过了零点,论坛果真快了很多。贴完这个就睡觉。
以后陆续提供,今天先来五个。不多不多。
一、 去洗衣房的路上
妈妈和孩子一起去洗衣房,妈妈和孩子一起拿着洗衣筐。在整个过程中,妈妈和孩子都保持着比较亲近的一种联系,妈妈慢慢地走,注意调整着拿洗衣筐的手势,并用陈述性的语言进行沟通。孩子在这个过程中始终扮演着比较重要的角色,因为必须两个人才能拿住洗衣筐,一起走向洗衣房。
二、 用“布蒙头头”的游戏
在很多不同文化的国家里,父母都会和几个月大的孩子玩“布蒙头头”的游戏。孩子坐在爸爸膝盖上,面对面。父亲把一块布蒙在宝宝头上,然后扯下来,宝宝乐得哈哈笑。孩子稍大以后,这个游戏就可以演化成捉迷藏的游戏;再“大”一点,这个游戏就演化成“调情”了(戏谑的说法)。
在这个录像中,是一个正常宝宝和爸爸玩这个游戏。先是爸爸蒙宝宝的头,逗宝宝乐,然后爸爸转而蒙自己的头,角色呼唤了。宝宝一开始对这个不确定性的产生有点不知所措,但明显从母亲(镜头外)那里得到了参照,宝宝懂得去扯下爸爸头上的布头,哈哈乐。这个游戏展现了孩子和父母之间的注视、情绪分享。
做RDI的时候,一定要时刻保持这样一个意识,就是正常能力发展表现出来是怎样的。所以我们经常带普通孩子来诊所,或者提供普通孩子的录像片断,让大家认识到交际能力的发展初期是怎样表现的。
三、 和爸爸玩迷你高尔夫、和家人玩手电筒的游戏专家和一个患儿家庭沟通之后,看如何把一些游戏演化成能够让孩子参与进来。爸爸喜欢玩高尔夫,于是教孩子玩迷你高尔夫,这是一种“师傅-徒弟”式的交流方式,父子之间的互动是不够的。他们晚上又把玩手电作为家庭作业来做,游戏的宗旨当然是注重互动、陈述性的语言、并且能够把家庭成员都参与进来(包括另外一个3岁的孩子),每个人都能轮流玩。这家的父母开始懂得了如何放慢节奏、注重规则、使用陈述性的语言等要点。
四、 和妈妈玩抛球游戏(包含情绪分享)
妈妈和一个十几岁的孩子一起玩抛球游戏。两人相向站立,相隔数米,然后相互抛球。妈妈时而和孩子换一下方位,比如从东西站向转成南北站向,期间产生短暂的停顿。注意孩子在出现停顿时,主动发起的分享性注视。
五、 和爸爸一起走路
录像中爸爸带一个2岁多的孩子在训练室里走路。训练室经过一定的布置,有两块地毯、一张桌子(桌子旁边还有可以供爬上去的凳子)、一个布袋椅。爸爸用手指示意孩子按一个线路走,过程中注意要让孩子有自己的意愿和想法来走,而不是“为爸爸”走。画面中孩子在爸爸的搀扶下,自主地走这个线路,爬上桌子,在桌子和爸爸有拍拍掌之类的交互动作,然后在爸爸的示意下,跳到布袋椅中,和爸爸滚在一起,亲热地拥抱,击掌。过程中注意非语言的运用、亲近的交互、哼歌、双向的交流、脸对脸的注视。
文文媽媽 第3楼
謝謝thankstoyilin!我覺得我們的孩子必須經過象此類細致而且分解化的語言(有聲,提示,暗示,模仿)動作的教育,我覺得本著一個原則,無論你做什麼,說什麼,必須讓他心裡明白,有思維的做、說一些事,這樣就必須要求我們引導者采用各種方法使他有興趣參與進來,我想沒有教不會的孩子,只有不會教的大人。我把我自已放在一個引起它興趣的配角地位上,按著他的思路也把握著我的原則去引導他。不知我的方法是否有不當之處,請大家有話直說。
thankstoyilin 第4楼
文文妈妈说得对。
越去理解RDI,越能够体会到,这些的的确确是基本的东西。我的理解是:RDI把我们熟视无睹的交际能力和过程,做了分解,然后形成可以循序渐进的阶段性训练内容。我非常赞同RDI主张的在日常生活中贯彻RDI理念,从这个出发,各位家长可以发挥自己的想象力,结合实际生活来和孩子进行有效的交互、训练。
我自己体会了一个例子。比如,给孩子吃苹果,最简单的做法是:
(1)端过水来,给孩子洗完手,然后把苹果给他吃。
我们改进一下,变成:
(2)和孩子说,我们先洗手,然后再吃苹果。让孩子自己走到洗手台,让他自己开水龙头,自己洗(过程中有不会的,帮他)。然后,给他吃苹果。
进而,还可以演化成:
(3)和孩子一起削好苹果,然后在他要吃的时候,故作惊讶地说:宝宝的手真脏,我们先洗手吧。然后洗手。
再复杂化:
(4)洗完手之后,对宝宝说,我们削好的苹果在哪里啊,你自己去拿来吃吧。或者和他一起找到,然后和他一起高兴。
再复杂化:
(5)吃的时候,让他喂给家长吃一口,他自己吃一口。如果孩子有一定参照能力,家长可以用嘴来示意这一口应该让谁吃。期间当然可以用夸张的表情来鼓励孩子做对。
用足够的耐心来理解孩子在这些过程中是否感到有一种动力在促使他说或做,如果是,这些活动就肯定有价值。我想,这就是灵活的训练方#p#分页标题#e#式吧。
baiyuyoung 第5楼
thankstoyilin,你举的例子太好了!简单通俗,分析又很透彻到位。
现在在我们的日常生活中,很多时候就是这样做的,比如吃苹果,我们恰恰就是那样做的呀!
放慢我们的生活节奏,包括跟孩子说的每一句话,每一件琐事、小事,去发现、创造让孩子参与、互动的机会,相信孩子都会取得令家长惊讶的进步!
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飞飞妈
thankstoyilin 第6楼
看到飞飞妈的回复,忍不住笑了起来。大家都很有钻研精神!
言归正传,继续录像片断的解释:
六、 扔、扔、扔
录像中,一个2岁左右的孩子,把要洗的一件件衣服扔到栏杆的另一边。妈妈在边上把衣服递给他。孩子扔得很高兴。期间,妈妈做出一些“不确定性”,一会儿把衣服蒙到孩子头上,孩子高兴地扯下来,扔掉;一会儿妈妈把手帕放在自己的头上,孩子从妈妈头上拉下手帕,扔掉;一会儿妈妈把手帕举高,孩子伸手去够手帕,拿到后,扔掉。整个过程强调的是孩子参与了一个有一定规则的游戏(扔过栏杆),并且妈妈制造了一些变化,一些不确定性,孩子从中得到乐趣,有喜悦的对视和表情。孩子和妈妈之间建立了一种信任。这个游戏体现的是RDI的一个方法:“在快乐的游戏中分享相互对视”
七、 大石头来啦
录像中一个2-3岁的孩子和爸爸在训练室里玩耍。爸爸扶着孩子从较高处滚落到布袋椅中(有好几个布袋),滚在一起。两人都躺着,然后爸爸抓起一个布袋,抛起来,落在孩子脸上,孩子乐。布袋下落的方位不一样,孩子就期待这个不确定性,等着落下来。期间可以用夸张的语言来制造预期“大石头滚下来啦!”
八、 正反世界――情绪分享
录像中的妈妈和孩子在玩“正反世界”的游戏。妈妈一会儿做出快乐的表情但是假装很悲伤,一会儿做出悲伤的表情但是假装很快乐,这样来回转换。孩子表现得很灵活,能够融入这个游戏。这是RDI的第五阶段“反转和转换”,强调的是“当常规的活动被转换到其反面之后,带来一些新奇,从而更加增强了游戏的快乐。”(这个录像不太看得清楚)
九、 正反世界――画雪人
录像中的妈妈和孩子也在玩“反转和转换”的游戏。他们一起画了几个雪人,妈妈让孩子说说哪个画得最好,哪个较好,哪个最差。妈妈没有告诉孩子答案,而是让他自己评价。然后妈妈故意颠倒着评价,把最差的说成最好的,孩子领会了妈妈的故意,大家都欢笑起来。
十、 走,我们去倒垃圾,快快走、慢慢走
录像中的训练师带着一个21岁的自闭儿进行训练。他们一起推着垃圾桶去到垃圾,保持着比较亲近的交互关系。垃圾送完之后,训练师和孩子击掌鼓励,然后手拉手往回走,用陈述性的语言提示孩子慢慢走,他们一起慢慢走;过会儿,提示孩子我们快快走,他们就快步小跑,停下来之后击掌相庆。
这属于1A阶段的目标“在有趣的活动中分享对视”。强调一项活动要相互合作分享着完成,用尽量少的语言,如果要用语言,也要采用陈述性的语言。活动过程中保持亲近的交互关系。结束后要分享喜悦。在这个录像中,也可以注意到当引入了一个清晰的变化(从慢走变成快走)之前,已经明确建立了一个游戏规则(慢慢走)。
十一、一起擦窗户
妈妈在和一个3岁左右的孩子一起擦窗户,一边擦,一边用陈述性的语言进行沟通。窗户上有一个皮卡丘的图案,两人说笑着擦皮卡丘的不同的身体部位。在这个活动中,两人保持着近距离的联系,为此妈妈特地和孩子一起擦同一扇窗子。
这也属于“在有趣的活动中分享注视”的活动。
thankstoyilin 第9楼
为什么我后来没有继续提供呢?原因有二:
(1)RDIConnect上这样的录像片断公布的并不是很多,也不是系列性的。这个栏目是依赖家长们提供的。我虽然没有介绍完,但是剩下的也基本如此。
(2)RDI远远不是几个游戏“本身”。即便是RDI活动手册中的内容,光具体游戏的介绍,也是示范性的,而且其中并不是所有的游戏都让孩子能够适应。 RDI的东西是要贯彻在其他训练(“训练”是广义的话,不是限于小桌子面对面)和生活中的。所以大家要从自闭儿缺损的本质理解出发,再领悟RDI在这些方面的切入点,接受这些游戏的启发,然后在生活中富于创造性地运用。
所以,继续介绍的片断只是“鱼”,而大家如果对RDI感兴趣,还是要自己掌握“渔”。
lauray 楼主
格林斯潘医生的 地板玩耍时光 训练方法
摘自 Stanley I. Greenspan, M.D.'s
< The Child with Special Needs>
假如你看过'面对孤独' 这本书, 你也许想知到 另一种与 ABA 不同的训练方法, 它更活, (也许不如ABA 好掌握), 也许更适合高一点功能的孩子.但我觉得它会是家庭训练的一个好的补充(因为孩子总是爱玩的). 也许妈妈训练时用ABA, 爸爸跟孩子玩时就可用地板玩耍时光 法.
因为听说美国有的儿童心理治疗师就是用此法与孩子交流,早就想把他翻出来, 现在把儿子送进幼儿园, 才算有了时间. 不对之处, 请网友更正.
lauray 第2楼
地板玩耍时光的策略用于帮助你的孩子察觉到你,察觉到这个世界,并且建立双向交流:
1. 跟随你孩子的引导且参与他#p#分页标题#e#的活动。不管你们在一起做什么,只要他始终引领这个活动。
2. 坚持作你的追随活动。
3. 将你的孩子做的每一件事都当成有意图,有目标性的。家长用回应,(就仿佛这些动作一开始就是有目的性的)来给以孩子的似乎随机的动作赋与新的意义。
4. 帮助孩子做他想做的事.
5. 把你置于孩子的正前方。
6. 投入到孩子发起的或仿作的活动中来,无论它是什么。
7. 参加孩子的(无法停止的)持续不断的玩耍活动。
8. 不要把孩子的回避(离开的行为)或‘不’当作拒绝的意思。
9. 扩展,扩展,再扩展;装哑巴,做错误动作,作你孩子叫你做的的事,干扰她正在做的事。做任何可以使你们的交流继续进行的事。
10. 只要你的孩子在与你交流,就不要中断或改变主题。
11. 坚持要求孩子的一个回应。
12. 用感官-动作 有关的玩耍活动---跳跃,挠痒痒,旋转或摆动,等等-----来引起乐趣。
13. 用感官玩具,构成原因-效果的方式:如,藏起一个玩具,然后让它“魔术”般地再现;掉落一个带铃铛的玩具,你的孩子会听到叮当声;拿一个挠痒痒的鸡毛, 靠近点, 靠近点,再靠近点,直到你最后用它来给你的孩子搔痒.
14. 玩幼儿的游戏,如躲猫猫游戏(一种把脸一躲,一现以逗小孩笑的游戏), '我要抓到你了', 和一种儿童的拍手帮腔游戏等.
15. 继续追寻其他行为上的乐趣,不要妨碍中断任何愉快的体验.
16. 用手势,语调和身体语言来强调你说和做的情感.
17. 试着象接受孩子的正性情感那样来接受孩子的愤怒和抗拒.
18. 用手势表示和解决问题来帮助孩子处理忧愁(分别,受伤害,侵略,丢失,害怕,等等).
lauray 第3楼
地板玩耍时光的策略用于帮助你的孩子建立一个象征性的世界:
1. 确定你的孩子知晓且喜欢的真实生活中的经验,用玩具和小道具来演示那些经验.
2. 通过装扮活动来回应孩子的真实要求.
a. 允许你的孩子发现什么是真实的,什么是一个玩具. 如他试着滑下一个玩具的滑梯,就鼓励他继续;如她试着穿玩具的衣服,就不要告诉她这衣服太小了;如他把脚伸到一个假装的水池中,就问问他是否水是冷的.
b. 如孩子渴了,给他一个空杯子,或邀请他来玩过过家.
c. 如他饿了,就打开玩具冰箱给他一些食品,装作烧饭,或问问他要不要跟你去假装的超市买点东西.
d. 如她要离开,给她把假装的钥匙或一个玩具车.
e. 如她躺在地板上或躺椅上,就拿个毯子或枕头,把灯关掉,并唱催眠曲.
3. 鼓励角色扮演,用穿衣小道具, 用木偶-----在他或她用象征性的扮演角色以前,孩子可能更想自己当演员.
4. 用一套特殊的扮演角色/玩具娃娃来表现家庭成员,并且用熟悉的名字来给其他的扮演角色起名.
5. 当你们玩耍时,给玩的对象以象征性的意义:
a. 当孩子爬到沙发顶上时,假装他是在登一座高山.
b. 当她滑下游乐场的滑梯时,假装她正滑入大海去看鱼.
6. 当道具缺乏时,用另一个来代替.如假装这个球是一个蛋糕, 或这个勺子是个生日蜡烛.
7. 回到用手势语表示道具.
8. 当你玩耍时,帮助孩子详细说明他的意图. 问问谁正开着车, 车上哪儿去,他带没带够钱,他记得钥匙吗,为什么他要去那儿, 为什么不到别处去, 等等. 能扩展多长就尽可能给以扩展.
9. 使用分解方法.当在玩的过程中有问题出现, 要创造象征性的解决方法. 当娃娃掉到了地上,就拿来医生的玩具, 孩子就可以帮助这个受伤的娃娃, 或拿工具箱来修车,等等. 接受孩子的失望并鼓励移情作用(认同和理解别人的处境,感受和动机)
10. 引入戏剧表演.作一个表演者且用你们自己的造型来扮一个角色.直接与玩具说话, 而不要问你的孩子关于发生了什么或讲故事.
11. 又帮你的孩子,又作你自己的角色扮演. 象一个同盟军一样谈话(可以是用耳语方式).但也用你的角色来反对或向你孩子的观点挑战.
12. 把障碍插进来玩. 如,让你的公交车把路堵住了,然后, 以一个角色身份说话,挑战你的孩子来回应.如需要,
可以增加紧迫性(对孩子耳语,来鼓励他处理这个问题, 以同盟者的身份给以必要的帮助).
13. 用孩子已知或喜爱的象征性人物形象,如迪斯尼或芝麻街中的人物,来制造象征性扮演. 再现,扮演熟悉的场景,或歌, 创造新的主意, 要注意到那些你的孩子可能会回避或害怕的角色和主题.
14. 用玩耍来帮孩子明白并掌控那些可能会吓到他的想法或主题. 无论是在幻想中或是真实的.
15. 让孩子作为导演.她的扮演无需真实(她仍可以是个幻想家).但要鼓励有逻辑性的思考.
16. 集中注意于你们玩的过程: 扮演哪个角色, 需要什么道具,何时变更了主意,有什么问题, 何时中止了这个主意,等. 弄清开始, 中间和结止.
17. 当玩时, 调整你的声调与场景一致.当角色受伤时,就装哭,当你的角色高兴时,就大声欢呼, 当你扮演坏蛋时,用粗声或怪异的声调.记住: 戏剧性,戏剧性,再戏剧性,来给以你的孩子情感暗示.
18. 就象你在其它真实生活中的经历中要作的一样,在过程进行中和事情过去后,反省在故事中的想法和感受。
19. 与你的孩子讨论抽象的主题,如好人和坏人,分别和失去,以及各种情感,如紧闭,害怕,妒嫉,愤怒,跋扈,竟争,等。记住,象征性的玩耍和对话是实践,再次扮演,理解,和掌控整个范围的情感思想和经验的安全的方法#p#分页标题#e#。
lauray 第4楼
地板玩耍时光法的策略 用于处理训练中的难点:
1. 孩子的行为:
回避,走开
家长的解决方案:
坚持你的追随
处理成有意图的(行为)
提供视觉提示
开玩笑地阻挡
用‘变戏法’来引起注意
坚持得到一个回应
2. 孩子的行为:
被难住了,不知下一步如何做
家长的解决方案:
回到感兴趣的对象
以某种方式来使用对象
扩展,再扩展
给以新的含义
用仪式化的提示来起动(如,‘预备,起‘)
3. 孩子的行为:
照搬剧本
家长的解决方案:
参加进来
提供变化了的剧本
变更内容
4. 孩子的行为:
持续不断的(持续语症)或动作?
家长的解决方案:
要求轮流来
参与,模仿,帮助
作交互式活动
多问几次“还有多少。。。“
安排“特殊”时间。
5. 孩子的行为:
抗议
家长的解决方案:
作对不起的动作,装哑巴,使恢复,
责备扮演的人物形象
6. 孩子的行为:
拒绝,抵制,拒绝扩展
家长的解决方案:
提供更多的事情给他来说‘不’
7. 孩子的行为:
说些无关的事情
家长的解决方案:
坚持要个回应
通知有了变化
引入中止
8. 孩子的行为:
变得担心或害怕起来
家长的解决方案:
打消孩子的疑虑
解决问题
用象征性的解决方法
9. 孩子的行为:
用动作而不是语言表达,攻击,打
家长的解决方案:
提供情感提示(“嗯,, 嗯,噢”
等-----用于表达强烈情感.
如,害怕,愤怒,惊讶的词;
“不,不,不行“ )来鼓励自我调整。
设定限度
当没有负面行为时,给以奖励。
lauray 第5楼
Floor-Time Strategies for Helping your child ture in to you and to the world, and build two-way communication
.Follow your child's lead and join him. It doesn't matter what you do together as long as he initiates the move.
.Persist in your pursuit.
.treat everything your child does as intentional and purposeful. Give her seemingly random actions new meanings by responding to them as if they were purposeful.
.Help your child do what he wants to do.
.Position yourself in front of your child.
.Invest in whatever your child initiates or imitates.
.Join your child's perseverative play.
.Do not treat avoidance or "no" as rejection.
.Expand, expand, expand; play dumb, makethe wrong move, do what your child tell you to do, interfere with what she's doing. Do whatever it takes to keep the interaction going.
.Do not interrupt or change the subject as long as your child in interacting.
.Insist on a response.
.Use sensory-motor play----bouncing, tickling, swinging, and so on---to elicit pleasure.
.Use sensory toys in cause-and effect ways: hide a toy, then make it"magically" reappear; drop a belled toy so that your child will hear the jingle; bring a "tickle feather" closer,closer,closer until finally you tickle your child with it.
.Play infant games, such as peekaboo,"I'm going to get you," and patty-cake.
.Pursue pleasure over other behaviors and do not interrupt any pleasurable experience.
.Use gestures, tone of voice and bofy language to accentuate the emotion in what you say and do.
.Try to be as accepting of your child's anger and protests as you are of his more positive emotions.
.Help your child deal with anxiety(separation, getting hurt, aggression, loss, fear, and so on) by using gestures and problem solving.
lauray 第6楼
Floor-Time Strategies for helping your child build a symbolic world
.Identify real-life experiences your child knows and enjoys and have toys and props available to play out those experiences.
.Respond to your child's real desires through pretend actions:
.Allow your child to discover what is real and what is a toy, e.g., if he tries to go down a toy slide, encourage him to go on; if she tries to put on doll's clothes, do not tell her it doesn't fit; if he puts foot in pretend pool, ask if it's cold.
.If your child is thirsty, offer him an empty cup or invite hime to a tea party.
.If he is hungry, open your cardboard-box refrigerator and offer him some food, pretend to cook, or ask if he'll go to pretend market with you to get things.
.If she wants to leave, give her pretend keys or a toy car.
.If she lies down on the floor or couch, get a blanket or pillow, turn off the lights, and sing a lullaby.
.Encourage role playing with dress-up props, use puppets--child may prefer to be the actor before he or she uses symbolic figures.
.Use a specific set of figures/dolls t#p#分页标题#e#o represent family members and identify other figures with familiar names.
.Give symbolic meaning to objects as you play:
.When your child climb to the top of the sofa, pretend he is climbing a tall mountain.
.When she slides down the slide at the playground, pretend she is sliding into the ocean and watch out of the fish.
.Substitute one object for another when props are needed. Pretend that the ball is a cake or the spoon is a birthday candle.
.Return to use of gestures for props.
.As you play, help your child elaborate on his intentions. Ask who is driving the car, where the car is going, whether he has enough money, did he remember the keys, why is he going there, why not somewhere else, and so on. Expand as long as you can.
.Make use of breakdowns. When a problem crops up during play, create symbolic solutions. Get the doctor kit when the doll falls so your child can help the hurt doll, get the tool kit for broken cat, etc. Acknowledge your child's disappointment and encourage empathy.
.Get involved in the drama. Be a player andtake on a role with your own figure. Talk directly to the dolls rather than questioning your child about what is happening or narrating.
.Both help your child and be your own player. Talk as an ally(perhaps whispering).but also have your figure oppose or challenge your child's ideas.
.Insert obstacles into the play. For example, make your bus block the road. then, speaking as a charactor, challenge your child to respond. If necessary, get increasing urgent(whispering your child to encourage hime to deal with the problem, offering help if needed by becoming an ally).
.Use symbolic figures your child already knows and loves, such as Disney or Seasame Street charactor, to generate symbolic play. Reenact familiar scenes or songs, create new ideas, and notice characters and themes your child may be avoiding or afraid of.
.Use play to help your child understand and master ideas/themes which may have frightened him. Work on fantasy and reality.
.Let your child be the director. Her play need not be realistic(she may still be a magical thinker)but encourage logical thinking.
.Focus on process as you play: which character to be, what props are needed, when ideas have changed, what the problem is, when to end the idea, etc. Identify the beging, middle and end.
.As you play, match your tone pf voice to the situation. Pretend to cry when your charactor is hurt, cheer loudly when your charactor is happy, speak in rough or spooky tones when you're playing the bad guy. Remember: drama, drama, drama to give your child affect cues.
.Reflect on the ideas and feelings in the story, both while playing and later on, as you would with other real-life experiences.
.Discuss your child's abstract themes such as good guy/bad guy, separation/loss, andvarious emotions such as closeness, fear, jealousy, anger, bossiness, competition, etc. Remember symbolic play and conversation is the safe way to practice, reenact, understand, and master the full range of emotional ideas and experiences.
lauray 第7楼
Floor-Time Strategies to address processing difficulties
Child's action: parent's Solutions:
***************************************Avoids, moves away Persist in your pursuit
Treat as intentional
provide visual cues
playfully obstruct
Attract with "magic"
Insist on a response
Stays stuck, does not know Provide destination
what to do next Return object of interest
Use object in some way
Expand, expand
Give new meanings
Use ritualized cues to start("Ready, set,go!")
Uses scripts Join in
Offer alternative script
Change
Perseverates Ask for turn
Join, imitate, help
Make interactive
Ask "how many" more times
Set up "special" time
Protests Act sorry, play dumb, restore, blame figure
Rejects, refuses Provide more things for him to say 'no' to expand
Says something unrelated Insist on a response
Notice change
Bring closure
Becomes anxious or fearful Reassure
Problem solve
Use symbolic solutions
Acts out, pushes, hits Provide a#p#分页标题#e#ffective cue("Uh, uh,oh";
"No,no,no") to encourage self-regulation
Set limits
Reward for absence of negative behaviors
方静 第8楼
Lauray:
谢谢你的好文章,对我们大家会有很大的帮助的,请继续提供这样的好文章。
Lauray 第11楼
谢谢方老师, 瑞雪 和晨光的鼓励.
其实, 我还没有多少用地板玩耍来教育孩子的实践经验.
好像以琳有些老师在小结中曾提到过用它来教孩子, 不知方老师可否请她们写点具体一些的方法, 体会放在以琳网上. 美国的其他家长也可以多谈点
这个训练方法的情况. 毕竟, 它是美国三种(有朋友说其实最常见的就是 ABA 和它了) 常用来训练孤独症的孩子的方法之一.
我觉得它的优点就是灵活, 不像ABA那么机械,
对于培养孩子的社会性, 沟通能力, 和对于外界的敏感性有ABA所达不到的作用.
但它的灵活性也使它不像ABA 那么易于掌握.需要家长在实践中总结经验.
Caroline 第12楼
我觉得它的优点就是灵活, 不像ABA那么机械,
对于培养孩子的社会性, 沟通能力, 和对于外界的敏感性有ABA所达不到的作用.
我很赞同lauray的意见:)
wangmaomi 第13楼
谢谢lauray,谢谢你提供的资料及翻译
朱雷 第14楼
看了此文,觉得自己上了一堂课,一堂生动形象的的家长培训课,——娓娓动听!
感谢LAURAY!
lauray 第15楼
地板玩耍时光的五步: (没有时间翻译了)
Five Steps to Floortime
Step One: OBSERVATION
Both listening to and watching a child are essential for effective
observation. Facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body
posture, and words (or lack of words) are all-important clues that
help you determine how to approach the child.
Is the child's behavior relaxed or outgoing?
Is he or she withdrawn or uncommunicative?
Is he or she bubbling with excitement?
Is the child a real go-getter?
Step Two: APPROACH - OPEN CIRCLES OF COMMUNICATION
Once a child's mood and style have been assessed, you can approach
the child with the appropriate words andgestures. You can open the
circle of communication with a child by acknowledging the child's
emotional tone, then elaborating and building on whatever interests
the child at the moment.
Step Three: FOLLOW THE CHILD'S LEAD
After your initial approach, following a child's lead simply means
being a supportive play partner who is an "assistant" to the child
and allows the child to set the tone, direct the action, and create
personal dramas. This enhances the child's self-esteem and ability to
be assertive, and gives the child a feeling that "I can have an
impact on the world." As you support the child's play, the child
benefits from experiencing a sense of warmth, connectedness and being
understood.
Step Four: EXTEND AND EXPAND PLAY
As you follow the child's lead, extending and expanding a child's
play themes involves making supportive comments about the child's
play without being intrusive. This helps the child express own ideas
and defines the direction of the drama. Next, asking questions to
stimulate creative thinking can keep the drama going, while helping
the child clarify the emotional themes involved, e.g.: suppose a
child is crashing a car: Rather than ask critically, Why are those
cars crashing? You may respond empathetically, Those cars have so
much energy and are moving fast. Are they trying to get somewhere?
Step Five: CHILD CLOSES THE CIRCLE OF COMMUNICATION
As you open the circle of communication when you approach the child,
the child closes the circle when the child builds on your comments
and gestures with comments and gestures of own. One circle flows into
another, and many circles may be opened and closed in quick
succession as you interact with the child. By building on each
other's ideas and gestures, the child begins to appreciate and
understand the value of two-way communication.
Strategies for Floor Time Intervention
follow the child's lead and join them - it does not matter what they
do as long as they initiate the move
persist in your pursuit
treat what the child does as intentional and purposeful - give new
meanings
help the child do what they want to do
position yourself in front of the child
invest in whatever the child initiates or imitates
join perseverative play
do not treat avoidance or "no" #p#分页标题#e#as rejection
expand, expand, expand - keep going, play dumb, do wrong moves, do
as told, interfere etc.
do not interrupt or change the subject as long as it is interactive
insist on a response (encourage the child to close the circle)
do not turn the session into a learning or teaching experience
Opening the Symbolic Door
get engaged at any level
get intentional - build on any intent, problem solving, corner or
undoing
heighten affect - at every level, all emotions are equal
Strategies for Engagement and Two-way Communication
Give the child's seemingly random actions new meanings by responding
to them as if they were purposeful.
Use sensory-motor play -- bouncing, tickling, swinging, and so on --
to elicit pleasure.
Use sensory toys in cause-and-effect ways: hide a toy, then make it
magically reappear; drop a belled toy so that the child will hear the
jingle; bring a tickle feather closer, closer, closer until finally
you tickle child with it.
Play infant games, such as peek-a-boo, I'm going to get you, and
patty cake.
Play verbal Ping-Pong with the child, responding to every sound or
word the child makes and continue the ping pong match to expand the
number of circles closed.
Pursue pleasure over other behaviors and do not interrupt any
pleasurable experience.
Use gestures, tone of voice, and body language to accentuate the
emotion in what you say and do.
Try to be as accepting of the child's anger and protests as you are
of the child's more positive emotions.
Help the child deal with anxiety (separation, getting hurt,
aggression, loss, fear, and so on) by usinggestures and problem
solving.
Following the Child's Lead
have symbolic toys available
recognize and create opportunities
cue or model symbolic actions
be meaningful
make it easy
persist through - affect cues - affect pacing-wait/speed up
personalize
be a player - join in
expand and keep going
do not change the subject
Creating and Expanding Ideas
treat every object or action as an idea!
you do not need permission to play
do not "read" or just describe
talk to the child in a role - as an actor or with a figure
take on a role and talk through the role
build on real experiences - bridge to what would happen next
wait for child to make the next move - then give choices or model
the next step
resist the temptation to take over
"Appreciate" child's need for control
try to build bridges between ideas
give reasons for your or the child's actions
problem solve and assist in the finding of a solution
make ideas more complex and more elaborate
Constructive Obstruction
to Extend Problem Solving
The child will be surprised, amused or frustrated when faced with the
changes and obstacles you create for them.
Approach the child with a supportive attitude, sharing surprise, Oh
no what happened? What's the matter?
Help the child solve the problem, but wait for the child to
recognize the problem first and then encourage the process.
Stretch the problem as long as possible by playing dumb
Offering wrong solutions so the child can check out several
alternatives
Ask questions and opinions about what they want, etc.
Remember: The goal is not to frustrate the child but to mobilize the
child's thinking and acting in face of something which matters
personally to him or her.
Helping The Child Build A Symbolic World
Identify real-life experiences the child knows and enjoys and have
toys and props available to play out those experiences
Respond to the child's real desires through pretend actions
Allow the child to discover what is real and what is a toy
Encourage role playing with dress-up props, use puppets - the child
may prefer to be the actor before using symbolic figures
Use a specific set of figures/dolls to represent family members and
identify other figures with familiar names
Give symbolic meaning to objects as you play:Some Examples -
When the child climbs to top of the sofa, pretend the child is
climbing a tall mountain.
When the child slides down the slide at the playground, pretend the
child is sliding i#p#分页标题#e#nto the ocean and watch out for the fish.
Substitute one object for another when props are needed. Pretend
that the ball is a cake or the spoon is a birthday candle.
Resume use of gestures for props along with toy objects and
substitutes
As you play, help the child elaborate on personal intentions.
Ask who is driving the car,
where the car is going,
whether the child has enough money,
did the child remember the keys to the car,
why is the child going there,
why not somewhere else, etc.
Expand as long as you can. (Use all of the Who, What, Where, Why,
When questions, and keep them open ended)
Make use of breakdowns.
When a problem crops up during play, create symbolic solutions.
Get the doctor kit when the doll falls so the child can help the hurt
doll, tool kit for broken car.
Acknowledge the child's disappointment and encourage empathy.
Get involved in the drama.
Be a player and take on a role with your figure.
Talk directly to the dolls rather than questioning child about what
is happening or narrating
Both help the child and be your own player.
Talk as an ally (perhaps whispering), but also have your figure
oppose or challenge the child's ideas.
Insert obstacles into the play. (e.g.: make your bus block the road.
Then speaking as a character, challenge child to respond. If
necessary, get increasingly urgent (whispering to child to encourage
to deal with the problem, offer help if needed by becoming an ally).
Use symbolic figures the child knows and loves, such as Barney,
Disney or Sesame Street characters, to generate symbolic play.
Reenact familiar scenes or songs, create new ideas, and notice
characters and themes child may be avoiding or fear.
Use play to help the child understand and master ideas/themes, which
may have been frightening. Work on fantasy and reality.
Let the child be the director. Child's play need not be realistic
(the child may still be a magical thinker) but encourage logical
thinking.
Focus on the process as you play; which character to be, what props
are needed when ideas have changed, what the problem is, when to end
the idea, etc. Identify the beginning, middle and end.
As you play, match your tone of voice to the situation. Pretend to
cry when a character is hurt, cheer loudly when your character is
happy, speak in rough or spooky tones when you are playing the bad
guy. Remember, drama, drama, drama to give the child affect cues.
Reflect on the ideas and feelings in the story both while playing
and later on as you would with other real life experiences
Discuss the child's abstract themes such as good guy/bad guy,
separation/loss, and various emotions such as closeness, fear,
jealousy, anger, bossy, competition, etc.
Remember, symbolic play and conversation is the safe way to practice,
reenact, understand and master the full range of emotional ideas and
experiences.
Developing Abstract Thinking
Follow the child's lead, build on the child's ideas
Challenge the child to create new ideas in pretend play
Heighten affect and engagement
Practice and expand rapid back and forth interactions and
conversations (gesturally and verbally)
Carry on logical conversations all the time (e.g.: while driving, at
meals, during baths etc.) Content does not have to be realistic
Encourage understanding of fantasy-reality
Recognize fears and avoidance of certain feelings, themes andcharacters.
During play and conversations, get the beginning, middle and end of
the story or idea - identify problems to be solved, motives and
feelings - accept all feelings and encourage empathy
Select books to read that have themes, motives and problems to
solve - discuss alternative outcomes, feelings
Encourage abstract thinking:
Ask why questions
Ask for opinions
Compare and contrast different points of view
Reflect on feelings - come back to experiences again later
Don't ask questions you know the answer to
Don't tell the child which dimensions to use
Use visualization - picture yourself
Avoid rote, fragmented, academic questions
Be crea#p#分页标题#e#tive
Some Examples -
If the child puts his foot in pretend pool, ask if it's cold.
If the child is thirsty, offer her an empty cup or invite her to a
tea party
If the child is hungry, open a toy refrigerator and offer some food,
pretend to cook, or ask if he will go to pretend market with you to
get things to eat.
If the child want to leave, give her pretend keys or a toy car
If the child lies down on the floor or couch, get a blanket or
pillow, turn off the lights, and sing a lullaby.
Encourage role playing with dress-up props, use puppets - child may
prefer to be the actor before the child uses symbolic figures.
Use a specific set of figures/dolls to represent family members and
identify other figures with familiar names.
Get involved in the drama. Be a player and take on a role with your
own figure. Talk directly to the dolls rather than questioning child
about what is happening or narrating.
Developing Motor Planning Abilities
Encourage "undoing"
Examples -
Move an object in line
Cover a desired object
Put a puzzle piece in wrong place
Bury desired objects under other toys and very different objects
Hide the desired object from the place where child last put it
Provide destinations for actions - treat every act as intentional
and symbolic
Child throws a ball - catch it in basket
Child holds figure (little person, animal) -bring over toy slide,
school bus, food (if child does not use spontaneously, ask if the
figure would like to... give choices if needed...ask figure
directly...try not to direct)
Child taps - bring over drums (can be plate, plastic toy, sticks etc)
Child rolls car - bring over garage, crash into it, block with figure
Child reaches for hand - play give me five, variations, dance
Create problems to solve - require multiple steps
Put desired objects in boxes to open, untie, remove tape or rubber
band
Pretend an object needs to be fixed using tools, tape, rubber bands,
Band-Aids (symbolic)
Create obstacles for the child to get around, move, or restore to the
correct position
hold a book to read upside down and/or backwards
Offer pens/markers which do not work
Sit in the child's special place
Get to where the child is running first
Hide an object the child desires in one hand or the other so that the
child can choose
When the child seeks your hand instead of using his own hand, put
your hands on your head or in your pocket
Put socks on the child's hands instead of feet
Give the child your shoes to put on
Make the desired toy/object a moving target (move from place to
place)
Be playful and supportive as you encourage and expand interactions
Change the environment frequently to encourage flexibility, create
problems and expand discussion
Move expected objects (change drawer content, change content in
baskets)
Rearrange furniture and create problems (child finds chair upside
down, or is told to sit down when chair is across the room)
Hang up pictures from magazines at eye level and change frequently
Encourage the child to initiate/continue action
Ready, set, Go!
Put the toy the child was using back in the child's hand. (Oh, you
dropped, forgot)
provide cues - uh oh, knock, knock, help
Use indirect prompts (call the figures to come, where are you?)
Bring over the next step (puppet to eat pretend food, mirror to see
the hat etc.)
Trade objects, positions
Deal with the consequences of actions symbolically
Baby doll falls (is dropped) - Uh oh! He's crying. Are you hurt? Get
a bandage. Go to the doctor. Call an ambulance...
Car crashes - Oh no, it's broken! Can you fix it mechanic?
Basket is dropped - What a mess! What do we do now?
Model/mediate the sequence of actions needed to solve problems
Plan your idea - discuss what the child will need for their ideas
Get toys/props the child will need
Identify settings and destinations
While playing, identify problems and sequence of solutions
Identify beginning, middle and end
Challenge, reason, negotiate
Play interactive song#p#分页标题#e#-hand games
Itsy bitsy spider
one potato two potato
slap my hand
sailor went to sea, sea, sea
Play Treasure Hunt and use maps (use visual and verbal cues)
Play games
Social playground/party games
Board games (cognitively challenging)
Cooking
Drama
Arts and craft activities
Encourage athletic activities
Individual sports such as tennis, roller skating, shooting baskets,
ice skating
group sports such as soccer, baseball, basketball
Gymnastics
Tae Kwon Do
Addressing Processing Difficulties
Child's Actions
Adult's Solutions
Avoids, moves away
Persist in your pursuit
Treat as intentional
Provide visual cues
Playfully obstruct
Attract with "magic"
Insist on a response
Stays stuck, does not know what to do next
Provide destination
Return object of interest
Use object in some way
Expand, expand
Give new meanings
Use ritualized cues to start ("ready, set, go")
Uses scripts
Join in
Offer alternative scripts
Change direction of script
Perseverates
Ask for turn, join, imitate, help
Make interactive
Ask "how many" more times
Set up "special" time for this activity
Protests
Act sorry
Play dumb
Restore
Blame figure
Rejects, refuses
Provide more things to say "no" to
Expand, give other choices or time
Says something unrelated
Try to insist on a response
Notice change or bring closure
Becomes anxious or fearful
Reassure
Problem solve
Use symbolic solutions
Acts out, pushes, hits
Provide affective cue ("Uh, uh, uh"; "No, no, no") to encourage self-
regulation
Set limits.
Reward for absence of negative behaviors
Opportunities for Doing Floor Time
To assist the child in learning to solve problems and handle changes,
identify opportunities in the child's daily life which present
a "stage" for problem solving and change accepting "dramas"
Brainstorm how you could utilize the following opportunities:
all things you routinely do for child
all the things child expects or waits for you to do
all the things child already expects to do for self
all the things child desires or expects to have or go to
daily challenges
Home Based Opportunities for Floor Time
dressing and undressing: giving the child choices about what to wear
or not, or what to take off first, is following the child's lead.
mealtime: chose one meal with enough time - talk may focus around
food preparation, different foods being served, which foods are
particularly enjoyable or any topic relating to the child's life.
car time: engage the child in a relaxed conversation in which the
child takes the lead, or sing-along for which the child chooses songs
coming and going time: plan to have at least a little time to get
the child settled on arrival to a classroom or in switching and
transitioning from one activity to another by reading a short story,
visit pet in classroom or at home, or look at special toy in
classroom or at home. Show the child support through your interest
and warm clear good-bye if leaving in classroom. On picking the child
up from the classroom, give the child a chance to tell you something
important about the day while you are still in the school setting
(This provides visual prompts to help the child retrieve the
information).
bath time: Bath toys are wonderful props as they float, get dunked,
and come into contact with each other. The water is a great
opportunity for play. The child will naturally relax in the water.
book time: Read the book with the child on your lap or next to you
on a chair or bed. As you read, be aware of responses and questions
that you can extend. (If the child is totally absorbed, however, it
is best to continue reading and simply enjoy the sense of shared
interest)
bedtime: Bedtime is often accompanied by a ritual, but is also a
moment to feel close and loving. Children sometimes share important
thoughts and feelings during the last moments before falling asleep.
Although you will not want to rev-up the child up prior to sleeping,
you can respond with empathy and stay close until the child is calm
and feels safe enough to sleep.
Turning Every Day Activity into Problem Solving
chair not close to the table, in the child's spot, when meal time
arrives
bottle not open when you are trying to pour juice
bathtub empty of water when you tell the child it is time to take a
bath
shoes hidden from usual resting place
changing the shelf locations of favorite books, tapes etc.
putting two socks on same foot
putting shirt on feet
give the child adult shoes instead of their own
use rubber band to hold together a spoon and fork when giving the
child a tool for eating
cup is upside down when offering the child a drink
put markers in a new container which child has not yet learned to
open
mix puzzle pieces of two or three puzzles together
凡凡 天秤座 申猴 第17楼
谢谢,很有借鉴意义。虽然目前没有一个确切的治疗方法,但是无助的家长还是努力地从现有的资料中摸索经验,我认为,一方面是家长的努力和理解,另一方面是孩子本身的悟性。缺一不可。
thankstoyilin 第20楼
把楼主贴上来的东西翻译了一部分。后面的具体干预策略由于是纲领式的,需要通读理解一下。今天晚了,先贴译好的一部分:
地板时光的五个步骤
第一步:观察
倾听和观看孩子,是有效观察孩子的必要步骤。孩子的脸部表情、语调、手势、肢体语言、语言(或者未必有语言),都是能够帮助你确定如何去接近孩子的重要线索。
孩子的行为是放松的、友善的吗?
他(她)是否显得畏缩,或者不善交流?
他(她)是否兴致勃勃的?
孩子是否是一个十足积极能干的人?
第二步:接近孩子-开启交流的一个轮次
在孩子的情绪和行为方式得到评估之后,你就可以采取适当的言语和手势来接近孩子。你可以通过接纳孩子的情绪特点来开启交流的一个轮次,接着,努力去理解细化孩子此刻的兴趣点,并在此基础上来进一步和孩子进行交流。
第三步:跟随孩子的引导
在你有了和孩子的初步接触之后, “跟随孩子的引导”简单地讲,就是说要成为孩子的一个支撑式的玩伴,成为孩子的“助手”,让孩子设定活动的调子、指导行为、编织自己的故事。这种方式可以提高孩子的自尊心和自信心,给孩子一种“我能够影响世界”的感受。当你协同孩子进行游戏的时候,孩子会感温暖,感受到和他人的联系,感受到被他人理解。
第四部:扩展和扩大游戏
当你跟随孩子的引导之后,就可以扩展和扩大孩子的游戏主题,所采取的方法可以是:对孩子的游戏做出支持式的评价,但要避免不要直接打扰他。这有助于孩子表达自己的想法,明确游戏内容的方向。接下来,通过提问的方式来激发孩子创造性的思维,使得游戏继续进行,同时帮助孩子明确一些情感主题。比如,假设孩子在玩撞车的游戏,不要去批判式地发问:“为什么这些车子会撞起来?”你可以做移情处理,启发孩子说“这些车子的动力太足了,它们开得这么快。它们要开到哪儿去呢?”
第五步 孩子来关闭这个交流轮次
当你接近孩子,开始了和孩子交流之后,孩子在你的评述基础上做出响应,并用自己的方式来表达他的评述,这就让孩子来关闭了这个交流的轮次。从而,一个交流轮次转向了另外一个,并且当你和孩子展开互动之后,这样的交流轮次可能会很快地进行多个。通过这种采纳他人的评述和意见的方式,孩子开始喜欢并理解这种双向交流的价值。
thankstoyilin 第21楼
今天抽时间翻译了前面帖子中的英文内容。还没有完成,先贴出来。
因为原文内容也是纲领性的,很多表述缺乏上下文的参考,个别词句难以定夺确切的含义,可能有偏差。不过是很局部的。
地板时光干预方法的策略
跟随孩子的引导,参与他们的活动――这不是意味着让孩子顺着他们一开始进行的活动一直继续下去
要坚持你的追求
要把孩子的行为当作有意图和有目的的行为来对待-赋予新的含义
帮助孩子去做他们想要做的事
把自己放在孩子前面
重视并利用孩子发起的或者模仿的任何行为
加入到孩子持续性的游戏中
不要用回避或说“不”来作为拒绝的方式
扩大、扩大、扩大――保持进行状态,玩不出声的游戏,做错误的行动,按要求的做,干预,等等
只要一个主题是交互着在进行的,就不要打断、不要改变
坚持要得到孩子的反馈(鼓励孩子来结束一个交流轮次)
不要把这个会话过程转变成一个教或学的过程
打开象征性游戏之门
可以从任何级别开始
做什么都要有“意图”的意识――在任何意图、解决问题、困境或突出困境的环节上做文章
突出情感――在每个级别上,所有的情绪都是等同的。
融入孩子和双向交流的策略
赋予孩子似乎是混乱的行为以意义,把他们的行为当成是有意义的来作出响应
运用感观和肢体的游戏――跳跃、挠痒、摆动等等,来让孩子高兴
用“因-果”的方式来运用玩具:把玩具藏起来,然后设法找到
魔术般地玩失而复得的游戏;把带铃铛的玩具掉在地板上,让孩子听到铃声;把挠痒痒的羽毛逐渐靠近、靠近孩子,直到最终挠到孩#p#分页标题#e#子
玩一些婴儿游戏,比如“躲猫猫”,“我要抓到你了”、“夹肉馅饼”
和孩子玩“语言乒乓”游戏,对孩子发出的每个声音或词句作出反馈,把这个乒乓为扩展问题解决能力,设置建设性的障碍
面对你作出的改变和障碍,孩子可能会疑惑、开心或者感到受挫。
用一种支持的态度来接近孩子,分享惊讶:“噢,不,发生什么了?怎么回事?”
帮助孩子解决问题,但是要等到孩子先认识到问题所在,然后鼓励他去解决。
通过不出声的游戏,把问题尽量延展开来。
提供错误的解决办法,以使孩子能够得出几种不同的解决办法。
他们想要什么,可以提问,也可以征求意见。
记住:目标不是让孩子受到挫折,而是激发他们去思考,激发他们对与己有关的事情作出行动。
帮助孩子建立一个象征性的世界
确定孩子懂得的、喜欢的现实生活体验,并用玩具和小道具来“演出”这些体验。
对待装扮游戏中孩子表达出来的真实愿望,要作出响应。
让孩子去发现,什么是真实的,什么仅是玩具。
鼓励用装扮道具(木偶等)进行角色扮演――在采用象征性人物之前,孩子可能会乐于充当演员。
用一组特定的玩偶来代表家庭成员,用家庭成员的名字来命名其他人物
在玩耍的时候,给物品赋予象征性的含义,例子:
当孩子在往沙发背爬的时候,假装孩子是在爬一座高山。
当孩子从滑梯往下滑的时候,假装孩子滑到了海里,要让他注意鱼的出现。
当需要用到道具的时候,把一个物品替换成另一个物品。把一个球当成是蛋糕,把勺子当成是生日蜡烛。
在玩的时候,帮助孩子对自己的意图进一步精细化
问谁在开车,车子要去哪里,孩子的钱够不够,孩子是否记得车钥匙,孩子为什么要去那里,为什么不去其他地方,等等。
尽你所能去拓展(用谁、什么、哪里、为什么、什么时候来提问,并且保持开放式结尾)
利用好活动中断的机会。
当游戏过程中突然出现问题,想一个象征性的解决办法。
当洋娃娃摔倒的时候,拿出医疗工具;小汽车坏了,拿出修理工具。
接纳孩子的失望情绪,鼓励孩子的移情想法。
融入戏剧表演活动
成为一个扮演着,扮演自己的角色。
直接和洋娃娃对话,而不要问孩子发生了什么,不要叙述。
一边帮助孩子,以便扮演好自己的角色。
把自己当作孩子的同盟者来说话(可能是窃窃私语),但是也要扮演反对派,或者挑战孩子的想法。
在游戏中加入人为障碍。比如,让你开的公交车堵住道路。然后作为一个剧情人物来说话,让孩子作出响应。如果需要的话,语气变得越来越急迫(对孩子耳语,鼓励他去处理问题,需要的话,作为一个同伴来提供帮助)。
运用孩子熟悉和喜爱的象征性人物形象,比如巴尼、迪斯尼或者芝麻街中的人物,来创作象征性游戏。
重演熟悉的场景或者歌曲,创造出新主意,并注意孩子可能回避或害怕的人物和主题。
通过游戏让孩子理解并掌握这些游戏主题(这些可能是有点让孩子害怕的情节)。把想象和现实结合起来。
让孩子成为导演。孩子的游戏不需要是符合现实的(孩子还可以发挥想象),但是要鼓励孩子的思维有逻辑性。
在你进行游戏的时候,注意力集中在游戏的过程上;要扮演哪个角色,当想法改变的时候,需要哪些道具,问题在哪里,什么时候该结束这个游戏主题,等等。认清游戏的开始、中间过程和结尾。
在游戏的时候,让你的声调符合情景。当角色受伤的时候,假装哭泣;角色高兴的时候也要兴奋地欢呼;当扮演坏蛋的时候,要用粗鲁怪异的方式说话。记住,通过戏剧、戏剧、戏剧来给孩子情感提示。
不管是在游戏的时候,还是事后在其他现实生活体验中,都要去体会故事中的想法和感情。
和孩子讨论一些抽象的主题,比如好人/坏人,分离/失去,以及其他诸如亲密、恐惧、嫉妒、愤怒、专横、竞争等之类的多种情感。
记住,象征性的游戏和对话是一种对各类情感和体验进行实践、重演、理解和掌握的比较稳妥的方法。
发展抽象思维
跟随孩子的引导,培养孩子的思维
在装扮性游戏中考验孩子创造出新的想法
注重情感和融入程度
练习并扩展快速的回合式交互和对话(手势及语言)
随时进行有逻辑性的对话(比如:再开车、吃饭、洗澡的时候等等)。对话的内容不一定是符合现实的。鼓励孩子去理解“想象-现实”之间的界限。
识别孩子恐惧的东西,避免一些情感、主题和角色。
在游戏和对话中,抓住开始、中间过程和结尾――识别要解决的问题、动机和情感――记诶手孩子的所有情感反应,鼓励孩子的移情心理。
选择合适的书本,念其中包含主题、动机和问题解决的内容――讨论不同的结果、感情。
鼓励抽象思维:
问为什么的问题
征求意见
比较不同的观点
对情感进行反思-事后返回到真实体验中
不要问你知道答案的问题
不要告诉孩子要用哪些尺度
运用视觉――把你自己图形化
避免生硬的、割裂的、限于知识方面的问题
要富于创造性
一些例子:
如果孩子把脚伸进假想的水池,问问水凉不凉。
如果孩子渴了,给他一个空杯子,或者请他参加一个茶会。
如果孩子饿了,打开一个玩具冰箱,拿出食物,假装烹饪,或者问孩子是否和你一起去一个假想的市场吃点东西。
如果孩子要离开,给他一个假想的要#p#分页标题#e#是和玩具汽车。
如果孩子躺在地板或沙发上,给他一条毛毯或枕头,关灯,唱摇篮曲。
thankstoyilin 第24楼
完成了剩余部分。有的条目实在是“断章取义”的,不好理解,将就着翻译。
发展肢体行为组织能力
鼓励“行为撤销”(原文是undoing, 不知指什么?)
例子:
在一条直线上移动一个物体
覆盖一个目标物体
把一片拼图放错位置
把目标物体埋在其他玩具或其他差别很大的物体下面
把目标物从孩子上次放置的地方拿开,藏起来
给每个行为设置终点――把每个行为当成是有意图的、有象征意义的来对待
孩子扔球――在篮子里抓住
孩子拿着玩偶(小人、动物)――把玩具滑梯、校车玩具、食物拿过来(如果孩子没有同时在用的话,问这个玩偶是否想要… 如果需要的话给予选择的机会… 直接问玩偶… 不要去指导)
孩子在敲击――拿一个鼓过来(可以是盘子、塑料玩具、棍子等等)
孩子在滚动小汽车――把车库拉过来,撞上去,用玩偶堵住
孩子伸手过来抓你的手――和他玩give me five的游戏,或其他变化过的游戏,跳舞
制造出需要解决的问题――需要多个步骤
把目标物体放在盒子里,需要去打开、解开带子、去掉胶带纸等
假装一个物品需要用工具、带子、胶带纸、创口贴等来修理(象征性)
制造障碍,孩子需要避开、移开或者恢复到正常的位置
拿着书,把书倒过来念,或者从后往前念
给孩子不能用的笔或白板笔
坐在孩子原本专用的位置上
跑到孩子率先想要跑往的地方
把孩子想要的东西藏在一只手里,或者另外一只手里,让孩子选择
如果孩子不用自己的手干事情,而来拉你的手,就把你的手放在头上,后者插在口袋里
把袜子穿在孩子的手上,而不是脚上
把你的鞋子给孩子穿
让孩子想要的东西成为一个会移动的目标(从一个地方移到另一个地方)
当你鼓励并且扩展和孩子之间的交互时,要做得有趣、富有支持性
移动孩子想要的物品(改变抽屉里的东西,改变篮子里的东西)
重新布置家具,造成问题(孩子发现椅子头朝下,或者样子在房间对面的时候,被要求坐下)
把杂志里的图片挂在眼睛的水平高度,并时常更换
鼓励孩子模仿或继续做动作
预备,启动,跑!
把孩子正在玩的玩具放回到孩子手中(哦,你扔掉了,忘记了)
提供暗示――哦,哦, 敲, 敲,帮助
运用间接提示(让玩偶过来,说,你要上哪儿?)
引出下一个步骤(让玩偶吃假想食品,对着镜子看看帽子,等等)
交换物品、位置
象征性地处理行为的结果
洋娃娃掉在地上(被孩子扔掉)――噢!他哭了。你受伤了吗?包上创口贴吧。去看看医生。叫救护车…
撞车――噢,不,车子坏了!你能修好吗?
篮子掉在地板上――乱七八糟了!我们现在怎么办?
示范解决问题所需要的动作顺序
规划你的想法――讨论孩子要达成他们的想法,需要些什么
把孩子可能需要的玩具/道具拿过来
确定场景设置和目标
在玩的时候,确定问题所在,以及解决问题的顺序
确定游戏的开始、中间过程和结尾
挑战、推理、协商
玩一些交互性的“歌-手”协调游戏(song-hand games,不知道具体指什么)
这是一个小小蜘蛛
一个西红柿、两个西红柿
拍拍我的手
水手出海去、出海去
玩寻宝游戏和使用地图(利用视觉和语言提示)
玩游戏
社会性的操场/派对游戏
棋盘类游戏(认知挑战性的)
烹饪
戏剧
艺术和手工活动
鼓励运动性活动
个人化的体育活动,比如网球、论滑、投篮、滑冰
集体性体育活动,比如足球、棒球、篮球
体操
跆拳道
认识、处理困难
孩子的行为
大人的解决方法
回避,移开
坚持你的追求
把孩子的行为当作有意图的来看待
提供视觉暗示
开玩笑地设置障碍
用“魔术”来吸引孩子
坚持得到反馈
…
…
执行地板时光的时机
为了帮助孩子学会解决问题和处理变化,要去识别孩子日常生活中的一些机会,它们呈现了解决问题的“阶段”和接受变化的“剧情”。
对于下面的机会,你可以“头脑风暴”一下,你会如何利用:
所有你日常要为孩子做的事情
所有你的孩子期待着你为他做的事情
所有你的孩子已经打算自己做的事情
所有你的孩子希望得到的日常生活的挑战
基于家庭的地板时光训练时机
穿衣服和脱衣服:给孩子选择的机会,让他选择该穿什么、不穿什么;先脱什么。顺着孩子的引导
用餐时间:选择时间充裕的一顿饭――可以围绕食物准备、要上桌的不同食物、特别受欢迎的食物来进行交谈,或者是任何关于孩子生活的话题。
开车时间:让孩子参与到轻松的交谈中,让孩子来主导话题,或者让孩子选择歌曲,一路唱。
接送的时间:到达教室,或者从一个活动转移到另一个活动的时候,要安排一点时间来让孩子适应,比如读一段小故事、看看教室或者家里的宠物、看看某个特殊的玩具。当你离开教师的时候,通过你的兴趣和清晰的再见,让孩子看到你对他的支持。把孩子从教室里接出来的时候,趁你还在教室里,让他有机会告诉你今天发生的重要的事情(这样会让孩子得到视觉提示)。
洗澡的时候:澡盆玩具是很好的道具,因为它们会浮动,会被浸泡,也会相互连接。水也是一个玩耍的好机会。孩子在水里会自然感到放松。
读书时间:让孩子坐在膝上、坐在你旁边的椅子上后者床上,给他#p#分页标题#e#念书。念的时候,注意孩子的反馈和你能够延展开的问题(如果孩子完全投入了,当然最好的做法是继续念下去,单纯去享受相互分享兴趣的快乐)
睡前时间:睡前时间通常是会有一些刻板行为的,但也同样是感到亲近和爱意的时候。孩子在入睡之前的最后一刻,有时会和你分享重要的想法和感想。虽然你不想在孩子入睡之前把他搞清醒,但你也要用同理心去回应,和他靠紧,直到孩子平静,安然入睡。
把每天的活动都转化成问题解决办法
当开饭的时候,椅子和桌子不够近
你试图去到果汁的时候,瓶子没有开
你告诉孩子要洗澡了,但是浴缸里没有水
把鞋子从平时放的地方藏起来
改变存放孩子最喜欢的书本、磁带的书架
在一只脚上穿两只袜子
把衬衣穿在脚上
给孩子大人的鞋子,而不是他自己的
当给孩子餐具的时候,把勺子和叉子用胶带纸粘一块儿
给孩子饮料的时候,被子是倒扣的
把白板笔放在一个孩子还没有学会如何开启的容器中
把两三片拼图混在一起
5i52 第25楼
谢谢斑竹。
这位介绍了 RDI 和 Floortime 的 lauray 能回来多好。他真是为我们奉献许多。
关于:undoing
很多孩子有“motor planning”问题,(我的孩子OT评估的结果就有这个问题),他们不知道下一步该做什么,只会反过来做你所做的,如你把东西放在那,他不喜欢,就拿起来放回原处。Floortime鼓励家长加入这种活动中,那么孩子会慢慢地允许你配合他做更复杂的活动。
5i52 第26楼
song-hand games:应该就是 sing song-hand game,例子:
Itsy bitsy spider
one potato two potato
slap my hand
sailor went to sea, sea, sea
同RDI一样,Floortime也是很商业化,它的DVD比RDI的还贵,听它一个介绍性的讲座,都要一大笔钱。 而且没有好的指导书。
从效果上,应该和RDI不相上下。
thankstoyilin 第27楼
一段时间学习下来,我觉得虽然“商业化”在当下是无法避免的,但是“商业化”也的确导致了每一学派似乎都欠缺自省,或者明明自己的模式有局限,但遮遮掩掩一笔带过。
首先,自闭儿的表现千差万别,适合他们的干预方式也应该是高度个人化的。不同的干预方式,很多理念不光是不同,有时简直是两个极端。比如是要大人主导还是孩子主导,结构化还是不要结构化,等等。
任何一种做法(包括其理念),肯定对某些孩子适用,对某些孩子不适用。孩子光分低功能和高功能还远远不够。有的孩子好动,有的孩子懒散;有的孩子配合力好但主动性差,有的孩子主动性好而配合力差;等等,无限排列组合。
要锻炼孩子的配合力,都由着他主导,不行。配合力不错的,还是停留在完成一些指定的训练内容(哪怕内容本身是有升级的)层面,也不行,重点要转向他的动机培养和自发性提高。这又有很多组合。
理想的情形是:社会上成熟的干预模式之间,没有任何门户之见,有机构对孩子做客观的评估,制订个人化的干预方式,先干嘛,后干嘛,先侧重什么,后侧重什么。
这么说下来,还就是以琳这样一切为孩子出发的机构,可以做到兼收并蓄。难得啊。